Autism breakthrough pdf download

Hazlett, H. Magnetic resonance imaging and head circumference study of brain size in autism: birth through age 2 years. Psychiatry 62 , — Wolff, J. Differences in white matter fiber tract development present from 6 to 24 months in infants with autism.

Early brain development in infants at high risk for autism spectrum disorder. This seminal paper, through careful recruitment and methodology, was the first to show significant early differences that may contribute to our understanding of developmental features in neural structure and circuits.

Neural circuitry at age 6 months associated with later repetitive behavior and sensory responsiveness in autism. Autism 8 , 8 Emerson, R.

Functional neuroimaging of high-risk 6-month-old infants predicts a diagnosis of autism at 24 months of age. Smith, E. Brain Mapp. Uddin, L. Psychiatry 7 , e Herringshaw, A. Hemispheric differences in language processing in autism spectrum disorders: a meta-analysis of neuroimaging studies. He, Y. Non-replication of functional connectivity differences in autism spectrum disorder across multiple sites and denoising strategies.

Lawrence, K. Atypical longitudinal development of functional connectivity in adolescents with autism spectrum disorder. Plitt, M. Resting-state functional connectivity predicts longitudinal change in autistic traits and adaptive functioning in autism. Natl Acad. USA , E—E Di Martino, A. The autism brain imaging data exchange: towards a large-scale evaluation of the intrinsic brain architecture in autism. Psychiatry 19 , — Doyle-Thomas, K.

Atypical functional brain connectivity during rest in autism spectrum disorders. Supekar, K. Brain hyperconnectivity in children with autism and its links to social deficits. Cell Rep. Dajani, D. Local brain connectivity across development in autism spectrum disorder: a cross-sectional investigation. Hull, J. Resting-state functional connectivity in autism spectrum disorders: a review.

Psychiatry 7 , Lombardo, M. Different functional neural substrates for good and poor language outcome in autism. Neuron 86 , — Carlisi, C. Disorder-specific and shared brain abnormalities during vigilance in autism and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Psychiatry Cogn. Neuroimaging 2 , — Alaerts, K. Sex differences in autism: a resting-state fMRI investigation of functional brain connectivity in males and females. Kirkovski, M. Atypical neural activity in males but not females with autism spectrum disorder. Venkataraman, A. Pivotal response treatment prompts a functional rewiring of the brain among individuals with autism spectrum disorder. NeuroReport 27 , — Levisohn, P.

The autism-epilepsy connection. Epilepsia 48 , 33—35 Cantor, D. Computerized EEG analyses of autistic children. Lefebvre, A. Alpha waves as a neuromarker of autism spectrum disorder: the challenge of reproducibility and heterogeneity. Tierney, A. Developmental trajectories of resting EEG power: an endophenotype of autism spectrum disorder. Oberman, L. EEG evidence for mirror neuron dysfunction in autism spectrum disorders. Fan, Y. Unbroken mirror neurons in autism spectrum disorders.

Child Psychol. Psychiatry 51 , — Southgate, V. Unbroken mirrors: challenging a theory of autism. Trends Cogn. Bernier, R. The role of imitation in the observed heterogeneity in EEG mu rhythm in autism and typical development. Brain Cogn. Raymaekers, R. EEG study of the mirror neuron system in children with high functioning autism. Dumas, G. Revisiting mu suppression in autism spectrum disorder. This paper replicates the mu suppression deficits in autism during action observation but questions, through high-density spectral analyses and source reconstruction, its previously drawn relation to the mirror neuron system.

Marco, E. Sensory processing in autism: a review of neurophysiologic findings. Schwartz, S. Meta-analysis and systematic review of the literature characterizing auditory mismatch negativity in individuals with autism. Kang, E. Atypicality of the N event-related potential in autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis.

Neuroimaging 3 , — Bonnet-Brilhault, F. Psychiatry 21 , — Schilbach, L. Towards a second-person neuropsychiatry. B , This review supports that psychiatric disorders are more commonly characterized by impairments of social interaction rather than social observation, and advocates for an interactive turn in neuropsychiatry.

Barraza, P. Implementing EEG hyperscanning setups. MethodsX 6 , — The human dynamic clamp as a paradigm for social interaction. Reduced engagement with social stimuli in 6-month-old infants with later autism spectrum disorder: a longitudinal prospective study of infants at high familial risk.

Ciarrusta, J. Social brain functional maturation in newborn infants with and without a family history of autism spectrum disorder. JAMA Netw. Open 2 , e Levin, A. EEG power at 3 months in infants at high familial risk for autism. Kolesnik, A. Increased cortical reactivity to repeated tones at 8 months in infants with later ASD. Psychiatry 9 , 46 Rippon, G. Rosenberg, A.

A computational perspective on autism. USA , — Masuda, F. Motor cortex excitability and inhibitory imbalance in autism spectrum disorder assessed with transcranial magnetic stimulation: a systematic review. Psychiatry 9 , Is functional brain connectivity atypical in autism? Khan, S. Somatosensory cortex functional connectivity abnormalities in autism show opposite trends, depending on direction and spatial scale.

Brain , — Chen, H. Intrinsic functional connectivity variance and state-specific under-connectivity in autism. Catarino, A. Atypical EEG complexity in autism spectrum conditions: a multiscale entropy analysis. Engemann, D. Robust EEG-based cross-site and cross-protocol classification of states of consciousness. Open Science Collaboration. Estimating the reproducibility of psychological science. Science , aac Regier, D. Psychiatry , 59—70 American Psychiatric Association.

World Health Organization. International classification of diseases for mortality and morbidity statistics 11th Revision.

Constantino, J. Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: reconciling the syndrome, its diverse origins, and variation in expression. Lancet Neurol. A multisite study of the clinical diagnosis of different autism spectrum disorders. Miller, J.

The external validity of Asperger disorder: lack of evidence from the domain of neuropsychology. Green, D. Brief report: DSM-5 sensory behaviours in children with and without an autism spectrum disorder.

Diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder after age 5 in children evaluated longitudinally since infancy. Psychiatry 57 , — Russell, G. Social and demographic factors that influence the diagnosis of autistic spectrum disorders. Psychiatry Psychiatr. Charman, T. Measurement issues: screening and diagnostic instruments for autism spectrum disorders—lessons from research and practice. Health 18 , 52—63 Ashwood, K. European clinical network: autism spectrum disorder assessments and patient characterisation.

Psychiatry 24 , — Rutter, M. Western Psychological Services, Durkin, M. Autism screening and diagnosis in low resource settings: challenges and opportunities to enhance research and services worldwide. This position paper highlights the challenges to translating knowledge on better awareness, understanding, identification and diagnosis and then treatments from the past two decades of clinical research in high-income countries into low-income and middle-income countries.

Baird, G. Luyster, R. The autism diagnostic observation schedule — toddler module: a new module of a standardized diagnostic measure for autism spectrum disorders.

Thinking globally to meet local needs: autism spectrum disorders in Africa and other low-resource environments. Georgiades, S.

Psychiatry 58 , — Fountain, C. Six developmental trajectories characterize children with autism. Kim, S. Variability in autism symptom trajectories using repeated observations from 14 to 36 months of age.

Bussu, G. Latent trajectories of adaptive behaviour in infants at high and low familial risk for autism spectrum disorder. Autism 10 , 13 Zerbi, V. Dysfunctional autism risk genes cause circuit-specific connectivity deficits with distinct developmental trajectories.

Cortex 28 , — Fein, D. Optimal outcome in individuals with a history of autism. Psychiatry 54 , — Anderson, D. Predicting young adult outcome among more and less cognitively able individuals with autism spectrum disorders.

Psychiatry 55 , — Chlebowski, C. Large-scale use of the modified checklist for autism in low-risk toddlers. Stenberg, N. Identifying children with autism spectrum disorder at 18 months in a general population sample. Pierce, K. To screen or not to screen universally for autism is not the question: why the task force got it wrong. Siu, A. JAMA , — Clinical features of children with autism who passed month screening.

Pediatrics , e Toddler screening for autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis of diagnostic accuracy. Marlow, M. A review of screening tools for the identification of autism spectrum disorders and developmental delay in infants and young children: recommendations for use in low- and middle-income countries. Raza, S. Brief report: evaluation of the short quantitative checklist for autism in toddlers Q-CHAT as a brief screen for autism spectrum disorder in a high-risk sibling cohort.

Testing two screening instruments for autism spectrum disorder in UK community child health services. Child Neurol. Brett, D. Factors affecting age at ASD diagnosis in UK: no evidence that diagnosis age has decreased between and Zuckerman, K.

Parental concerns, provider response, and timeliness of autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. Boterberg, S. Regression in autism spectrum disorder: a critical overview of retrospective findings and recommendations for future research. Pearson, N. Regression in autism spectrum disorder: reconciling findings from retrospective and prospective research. Changing conceptualizations of regression: what prospective studies reveal about the onset of autism spectrum disorder.

This paper outlines recent data and reconceptualization about patterns of onset and loss that chime with a more contemporaneous understanding of ASD as a heterogeneous condition in terms of its manifestation both within and across individuals.

Validating two survey methods for identifying cases of autism spectrum disorder among adults in the community. Press, Epstein, J. Prevalence of co-occurring mental health diagnoses in the autism population: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Psychiatry 6 , — Havdahl, A. Heterogeneity in prevalence of co-occurring psychiatric conditions in autism. Croen, L. The health status of adults on the autism spectrum.

Autism 19 , — Mannion, A. An investigation of comorbid psychological disorders, sleep problems, gastrointestinal symptoms and epilepsy in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder.

Autism Spectr. Soke, G. Chandler, S. Emotional and behavioural problems in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Pezzimenti, F. Depression in youth with autism spectrum disorder. Hwang, Y. Mortality and cause of death of Australians on the autism spectrum. Hirvikoski, T. Premature mortality in autism spectrum disorder. Havdahl, K. Multidimensional influences on autism symptom measures: implications for use in etiological research. Psychiatry 55 , — Nicolaidis, C. Comparison of healthcare experiences in autistic and non-autistic adults: a cross-sectional online survey facilitated by an academic-community partnership.

The diagnosis can also identify the best treatment plan for a child with autism. The test for determining if a child may have ASD consists of several procedures. This tool is a two-stage parent-report screening process to assess possible ASD in children. The tool is designed to identify children 16 to 30 months of age effectively. It determines whether the child should undergo a more comprehensive assessment or evaluation for possible early signs of developmental delay or autistic behavior.

The screening tool is implemented in two stages. The stages are:. Any observable delays in these areas may be a sign of autism. Children should be screened for developmental disabilities and delays during regular doctor visits. The ideal ages are 9-months old, months old, and or months old. The process includes a hearing and vision screening, genetic testing, neurological testing, and other medical testing.

In some cases, the family doctor may refer the child and family to a specialist physician for additional diagnosis and evaluation. The specialist could be a developmental pediatrician, a child psychologist, or a child neurologist.

These health professionals usually use the DSM-5 manual to break down the signs and symptoms of ASD into categories to effectively confirm a diagnosis of autism.

Experts have recommended the use of educational and behavioral therapies as possible treatments for autistic kids because of their effectiveness, especially when combined with dietary and medical interventions. The parents, siblings, and caregivers of children with ASD are encouraged to train for these therapies in order for them to apply these treatments themselves. These recommended therapies are:. This therapy mainly involves the services of a therapist who works intensely with a child in one-on-one sessions for 20 to 40 hours per week.

The sessions usually start with formally structured drills like learning to point to a certain object when its name is given. In the sessions, the child is taught skills like learning the various colors in a simple step-by-step process.

ABA programs are claimed to be most effective when they are started early before the age of five , but they are also beneficial to older children.

Due to their effectiveness, various behavioral interventions have been developed that are considered as ABA. As autistic children often have speech difficulties, conducting speech therapy may be very beneficial. The use of sign languages, as well as a picture exchange communication system PECS , is also recommended as a tool in developing speech in children with autism. A number, if not all, individuals with autism have sensory issues in varying degrees from mild to severe.

Sensory therapies may be very beneficial for improvement. This therapy focuses on three senses: vestibular or the sense of motion and balance, tactile or the sense of touch, and proprioception or the sense of locomotion, movement, or position.

There are many techniques used in sensory integration to normalize the senses of people on the spectrum. This therapy aims to improve the auditory processing of children with autism, as well as to eliminate their sensitivity to sound and reduce their behavioral problems. Among such challenges may include a short attention span, excessive eye movements, difficulty scanning or tracking movements, being easily distracted, toe walking, and being cautious when walking up or down the stairs.

The conduct of a vision training program involving the use of ambient prism lenses and visual-motor exercises may lessen or totally eliminate many of these issues. The use of the colored or tinted lenses called Irlen lenses in this program is also proven to be effective in treating autistic individuals with hypersensitivity to certain types of lighting like fluorescent lights and bright sunlight, as well as those with difficulty reading printed texts.

This type of therapy is a family-based behavioral treatment designed to address a core issue of ASD, namely, the development of social skills and friendships. The six main objectives of RDI are social coordination, declarative language, emotional referencing, flexible thinking, foresight and hindsight, and relational information processing.

Training under this type of therapy usually starts with the parents or caregivers of autistic children. An RDI consultant conducts extensive training of the parents or caregivers so they may effectively interact with their children. This type of therapy may be as effective as a treatment for individuals with regressive autism.

Steroids have been successfully used in treating related epileptic syndromes like the Landau-Kleffner syndrome LKS , which is linked to speech regression and acquired epileptiform aphasia.

Steroids have also been proven to be an effective treatment for multiple neurological disorders such as epilepsy, muscular dystrophies, and encephalitis. In a study involving the drug prednisolone as a steroid therapy, children treated with the drug showed major improvements in their receptive and expressive language skills, as well as in their frequency modulated auditory evoked response FMAER.

However, there are possible side effects of the use of steroids, so parents and caregivers of kids with autistic regression should do several consultations with physicians before administering it to their children. Some medications include antidepressant drugs like Prozac Fluoxetine , Lexapro, and Zoloft Sertraline , as well as antipsychotic drugs such as Risperdal Risperidone.

These drugs are effective in treating autism symptoms like anxiety, panic attacks, and aggression. It is recommended that sufficient consultations with specialist physicians be conducted before giving these drugs to individuals with ASD. Caring for kids with autism can be challenging and tough for parents and caregivers. Here are some tips to consider when caring for children in the spectrum:. Regressive autism and the other types of autism spectrum disorders can be very challenging conditions for both parents and their affected children.

However, with the right strategies, a positive outlook, and determination, these challenges can be identified and managed. Various advancements in medical research show that effective treatments are already on the horizon.

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