Clinical anatomy made ridiculously simple pdf free download

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Paul Olsen B. Michael Benton C. Peter Ward 1 Large animals are in a disadvantageous position when disasters happen. Question Do the following statements agree with the information given in Reading Passage?

Section 2 Detection of a meteorite Lake A. AS THE SUN rose over picturesque Lake Bosumtwi, a team of Syracuse University researchers prepared for another day of using state-of- the-art equipment to help unlock the mysteries hidden below the lake bottom. Nestled in the heart of Ghana, the lake holds an untapped reservoir of information that could help scientists predict future climate changes by looking at evidence from the past.

This information will also improve the scientists' understanding of the changes that occur in a region struck by a massive meteorite B. The resulting crater is one of the largest and most well- preserved geologically young craters in the world, says Scholz, who is collaborating on the project with researchers from the University of Arizona, the University of South Carolina, the University of Rhode Island, and several Ghanaian institutions. Equally important is the fact that the lake, which is about 8 kilometers in diameter, has no natural outlet.

The rim of the crater rises about meters above the water's surface. Streams flow into the lake, Scholz says, but the water leaves only by evaporation, or by seeping through the lake sediments. The record of those changes is hidden in sediment below the lake bottom.

To understand global climate, we need to have records of climate changes from many sites around the world, including the tropics. Before the researchers could explore the lake's subsurface, they needed a boat with a large, working deck area that could carry eight tons of scientific equipment. It was constructed in modules that were dismantled, packed inside a shipping container, and reassembled over a day period in late November and early December in the rural village of Abono, Ghana.

The research team then spent the next two weeks testing the boat and equipment before returning to the United States for the holidays. In this process, a high-pressure air gun is used to create small, pneumatic explosions in the water. The sound energy penetrates about 1, to 2, meters into the lake's subsurface before bouncing back to the surface of the water. The reflected sound energy is detected by underwater microphones-called hydrophones—embedded in a meter-long cable that is towed behind the boat as it crosses the lake in a carefully designed grid pattern.

On-board computers record the signals, and the resulting data are then processed and analyzed in the laboratory. Team members spent about four weeks in Ghana collecting the data.

On a good day, when everything went as planned, the team could collect data and be back at the dock by early afternoon. Except for a few relatively minor adjustments, the equipment and the boat worked well. Problems that arose were primarily non-scientific—tree stumps, fishing nets, cultural barriers, and occasional misunderstandings with local villagers.

Lake Bosumtwi, the largest natural freshwater lake in the country, is sacred to the Ashanti people, who believe their souls come to the lake to bid farewell to their god. The lake is also the primary source of fish for the 26 surrounding villages. Conventional canoes and boats are forbidden. Fishermen travel on the lake by floating on traditional planks they propel with small paddles.

When the team began gathering data, rumors flew around the lake as to why the researchers were there. Questions 19 - 22 There are three steps of collecting data from the lake as followings, please filling the blanks in the Flow Chart below: Questions Summary Complete the following summary of the paragraphs of Reading Passage, using no more than three words from the Reading Passage for each answer.

The technology they used called Then the data had been analyzed and processed in the Scholz also added that they were now building Whole set of equipment works well yet the ship should avoid physical barrier including tree stumps or Section 3 Internal and External Marketing A.

Employees need to hear the same messages that you send out to the marketplace. At most companies, however, internal and external communications are often mismatched. This can be very confusing, and it threatens employees' perceptions of the company's integrity: They are told one thing by management but observe that a different message is being sent to the public. One health insurance company, for instance, advertised that the welfare of patients was the company's number one priority, while employees were told that theft main goal was to increase the value of theft stock options through cost reductions.

And one major financial services institution told customers that it was making a major shift in focus from being a financial retailer to a financial adviser, but, a year later, research showed that the customer experience with the company had not changed. It turned out that company leaders had not made an effort to sell the change internally, so employees were still churning out transactions and hadn't changed theft behavior to match theft new adviser role.

Enabling employees to deliver on customer expectations is important, of course, but it's not the only reason a company needs to match internal and external messages. Another reason is to help push the company to achieve goals that might otherwise be out of reach. In , when IBM launched its e-business campaign which is widely credited for turning around the company's image , it chose to ignore research that suggested consumers were unprepared to embrace IBM as a leader in e-business.

Although to the outside world this looked like an external marketing effort, IBM was also using the campaign to align employees around the idea of the Internet as the future of technology. The internal campaign changed the way employees thought about everything they did, from how they named products to how they organized staff to how they approached selling. Today, research shows that people are four times more likely to associate the term "e-business" with IBM than with its nearest competitor, Microsoft.

The type of "two-way branding" that IBM did so successfully strengthens both sides of the equation. Internal marketing becomes stronger because it can draw on the same "big idea" as advertising.

Consumer marketing becomes stronger because the messages are developed based on employees' behavior and attitudes, as well as on the company's strengths and capabilities— indeed, the themes are drawn from the company's very soul. This process can result in a more distinct advertising idea because marketers are more likely to create a message that7 s unique to the company.

Perhaps even more important, by taking employees into account, a company can avoid creating a message that doesn't resonate with staff or, worse, one that builds resentment. In , United Airlines shelved its "Come Fly the Friendly Skies" slogan when presented with a survey that revealed the depth of customer resentment toward the airline industry.

In an effort to own up to the industry's shortcomings. United launched a new campaign, "Rising," in which it sought to differentiate itself by acknowledging poor service and promising incremental improvements such as better meals. While this was a logical premise for the campaign given the tenor of the times, a campaign focusing on customers' distaste for flying was deeply discouraging to the staff.

Employee resentment ultimately made it impossible for United to deliver the improvements it was promising, which in turn undermined the "Rising" pledge. Three years later. United decided employee opposition was undermining its success and pulled the campaign. It has since moved to a more inclusive brand message with the line "United," which both audiences can embrace. Here, a fundamental principle of advertising—find and address a customer concern—failed United because it did not consider the internal market.

When it comes to execution, the most common and effective way to link internal and external marketing campaigns is to create external advertising that targets both audiences. IBM used this tactic very effectively when it launched its e-business campaign. This is an expensive way to capture attention, but if used sparingly, it is the most powerful form of communication; in fact, you need do it only once for everyone in the company to read it.

There's a symbolic advantage as well. Such a tactic signals that the company is taking its pledge very seriously; it also signals transparency—the same message going out to both audiences. Advertising isn't the only way to link internal and external marketing. At Nike, a number of senior executives now hold the additional title of "Corporate Storyteller.

One tale, for example, recalls how legendary coach and Nike cofounder Bill Bowerman, in an effort to build a better shoe for his team, poured rubber into the family waffle iron, giving birth to the prototype of Nike's famous Waffle Sole. By talking about such inventive moves, the company hopes to keep the spirit of innovation that characterizes its ad campaigns alive and well within the company.

But while their messages must be aligned, companies must also keep external promises a little ahead of internal realities. Such promises provide incentives for employees and give them something to live up to. In the s, Ford turned "Quality is Job " from an internal rallying cry into a consumer slogan in response to the threat from cheaper, more reliable Japanese cars. It did so before the claim was fully justified, but by placing it in the public arena, it gave employees an incentive to match the Japanese.

If the promise is pushed too far ahead, however, it loses credibility. When a beleaguered British Rail launched a campaign announcing service improvement under the banner "We're Getting There," it did so prematurely. By drawing attention to the gap between the promise and the reality, it prompted destructive press coverage. This, in turn, demoralized staff, who had been legitimately proud of the service advances they had made.

Questions Use the information in the passage to match the company listed A-F with correct category or deeds below. NB: you may use any letter more than once A. Employers in almost all companies successfully make their employees fully understand the outside campaign. Currently IBM is more prominent in the area of E-business United Airline finally gave up an ads slogan due to a survey in Nike had improved company performance through telling employees legendary corporation stories.

Questions Choose Two correct letters below Write your answers in boxes on your answer sheet. Please choose TWO approaches in the passage mentioned that were employed as company strategy: A. Otters have long, thin bodies and short legs - ideal for pushing through dense undergrowth or hunting in tunnels. An adult male may be up to 4 feet long and bs. Females are smaller typically. The Eurasian otter's nose is about the smallest among the otter species and has a characteristic shape described as a shallow 'W.

An otter's tail or rudder, or stem is stout at the base and tapers towards the tip where it flattens. This forms part of the propulsion unit when swimming fast under water. Otter fur consists of two types of hair: stout guard hairs which form a waterproof outer covering, and under-fur which is dense and fine, equivalent to an otter's thermal underwear.

The fur must be kept in good condition by grooming. Sea water reduces the waterproofing and insulating qualities of otter fur when salt water in the fin. This is why freshwater pools are important to otters living on the coast. After swimming, they wash the salts off in the pools and then squirm on the ground to rub dry against vegetation.

Scent is used for hunting on land, for communication and for detecting danger, otterine sense of smell is likely to be similar in sensitivity to dogs. Otters have small eyes and are probably short-sighted on land. But they do have the ability to modify the shape of the lens in the eye to make it more spherical, and hence overcome the refraction of water.

In clear water and good light, otters can hunt fish by sight. The otter's eyes and nostrils are placed high on its head so that it can see and breathe even when the rest of the body is submerged. Underwater, the otter holds its legs against the body, except for steering, and the hind end of the body is flexed in a series of vertical undulations.

River otters have webbing which extends for much of the length of each digit, though not to the very end. Giant otters and sea otters have even more prominent webs, while the Asian short-clawed otter has no webbing - they hunt for shrimps in ditches and paddy fields so they don't need the swimming speed.

Otter ears are tiny for streamlining, but they still have very sensitive hearing and are protected by valves which close them against water pressure. A number of constraints and preferences limit suitable habitats for otters. Water is a must and the rivers must be large enough to support a healthy population of fish.

Being such shy and wary creatures, they will prefer territories where man's activities do not impinge greatly. Of course, there must also be no other otter already in residence - this has only become significant again recently as populations start to recover. Coastal otters have a much more abundant food supply and ranges for males and females may be just a few kilometres of coastline.

Because male ranges are usually larger a male otter may find his range overlaps with two or three females - not bad! Otters will eat anything that they can get hold of - there are records of sparrows and snakes and slugs being gobbled. Apart from fish the most common prey are crayfish, crabs and water birds. Small mammals are occasionally taken, most commonly rabbits but sometimes even moles. Eurasian otters will breed any time where food is readily available. In places where condition is more severe, Sweden for example where the lakes are frozen for much of winter, cubs are born in spring.

This ensures that they are well grown before severe weather returns. In the Shetlands, cubs are born in summer when fish is more abundant. Though otters can breed every year, some do not. Again, this depends on food availability. Other factors such as food range and quality of the female may have an effect. Gestation for Eurasian otter is 63 days, with the exception of Lutra canadensis whose embryos may undergo delayed implantation.

Otters normally give birth in more secure dens to avoid disturbances. Nests are lined with bedding to keep the cubs warm while mummy is away feeding.

Nests are lined with bedding reeds, waterside plants, grass to keep the cubs warm while is away feeding. Litter Size varies between 1 and 5. For some unknown reason, coastal otters tend to produce smaller litters. At five weeks they open their eyes - a tiny cub of g. At seven weeks they're weaned onto solid food. At ten weeks they leave the nest, blinking into daylight for the first time. After three months they finally meet the water and learn to swim.

After eight months they are hunting, though the mother still provides a lot of food herself. Finally, after nine months she can chase them all away with a clear conscience, and relax - until the next fella shows up.

Pesticides, such as dieldrin and aldrin, were first used in in agriculture and other industries - these chemicals are very persistent and had already been recognised as the cause of huge declines in the population of peregrine falcons, sparrow hawks and other predators. The pesticides entered the river systems and the food chain - micro- organisms, fish and finally otters, with every step increasing the concentration of the chemicals.

From the chemicals were phased out, but while some species recovered quickly, otter numbers did not - and continued to fall into the 80s. This was probably due mainly to habitat destruction and road deaths. Acting on populations fragmented by the sudden decimation in the 50s and 60s, the loss of just a handful of otters in one area can make an entire population unviable and spell the end.

Otter numbers are recovering all around Britain - populations are growing again in the few areas where they had remained and have expanded from those areas into the rest of the country. This is almost entirely due to legislation, conservation efforts, slowing down and reversing the destruction of suitable otter habitat and reintroductions from captive breeding programs. Releasing captive- bred otters is seen by many as a last resort.

The argument runs that where there is no suitable habitat for them they will not survive after release and where there is suitable habitat, natural populations should be able to expand into the area. However, reintroducing animals into a fragmented and fragile population may add just enough impetus for it to stabalise and expand, rather than die out.

This is what the Otter Trust accomplished in Norfolk, where the otter population may have been as low as twenty animals at the beginning of the s. The Otter Trust has now finished its captive breeding program entirely, great news because it means it is no longer needed.

Questions The reading Passage has seven paragraphs A-G. Write the correct letter A-G, in boxes on your answer sheet. NB: You may use any letter more than once. What affects the outer fur of otters? What skill is not necessary for Asian short-clawed otters? Which type of otters has the shortest range? Which type of animals do otters hunt occasionally? Birds have many unique design features that enable them to perform such amazing feats of endurance. They are equipped with lightweight, hollow bones, intricately designed feathers providing both lift and thrust for rapid flight, navigation systems superior to any that man has developed, and an ingenious heat conserving design that, among other things, concentrates all blood circulation beneath layers of warm, waterproof plumage, leaving them fit to face life in the harshest of climates.

Theft respiratory systems have to perform efficiently during sustained flights at altitude, so they have a system of extracting oxygen from their lungs that for exceeds that of any other animal. During the later stages of the summer breeding season, when food is plentiful, their bodies are able to accumulate considerable layers of fat, in order to provide sufficient energy for theft long migratory flights.

The fundamental reason that birds migrate is to find adequate food during the winter months when it is in short supply. This particularly applies to birds that breed in the temperate and Arctic regions of the Northern Hemisphere, where food is abundant during the short growing season. Many species can tolerate cold temperatures if food is plentiful, but when food is not available they must migrate. However, intriguing questions remain. One puzzling fact is that many birds journey much further than would be necessary just to find food and good weather.

Nobody knows, for instance, why British swallows, which could presumably survive equally well if they spent the winter in equatorial Africa, instead fly several thousands of miles further to theft preferred winter home in South Africa Cape Province. Another mystery involves the huge migrations performed by arctic terns and mudflat- feeding shorebirds that breed close to Polar Regions.

In general, the further north a migrant species breeds, the further south it spends the winter. For arctic terns this necessitates an annual round trip of 25, miles. Yet, en route to then final destination in far-flung southern latitudes, all these individuals overfly other areas of seemingly suitable habitat spanning two hemispheres. One of the greatest mysteries is how young birds know how to find the traditional wintering areas without parental guidance.

A familiar example Is that of the cuckoo, which lays its eggs in another species' nest and never encounters its young again. It is mind boggling to consider that, once raised by its host species, the young cuckoo makes it own way to ancestral wintering grounds in the tropics before returning single-handedly to northern Europe the next season to seek out a mate among its own kind.

Yet nobody has the slightest idea as to how this is possible. Mounting evidence has confirmed that birds use the positions of the sun and stars to obtain compass directions. However, true navigation also requires an awareness of position and time, especially when lost.

Experiments have shown that after being taken thousands of miles over an unfamiliar land-mass, birds are still capable of returning rapidly to nest sites. Most small birds migrate at night and take then direction from the position of the setting sun.

However, as well as seeing the sun go down, they also seem to see the plane of polarized light caused by it, which calibrates then compass. Traveling at night provides other benefits. Daytime predators are avoided and the danger of dehydration due to flying for long periods in warm, sunlit skies is reduced. Furthermore, at night the air is generally cool and less turbulent and so conducive to sustained, stable flight. Nevertheless, all journeys involve considerable risk, and part of the skill in arriving safely is setting off at the right time.

This means accurate weather forecasting, and utilizing favorable winds. Birds are adept at both, and, in laboratory tests, some have been shown to detect the minute difference in barometric pressure between the floor and ceiling of a room. Often birds react to weather changes before there is any visible sign of them. Lapwings, which feed on grassland, flee west from the Netherlands to the British Isles, France and Spain at the onset of a cold snap.

When the ground surface freezes the birds could starve. Yet they return to Holland ahead of a thaw, their arrival linked to a pressure change presaging an improvement in the weather.

In one instance a Welsh Manx shearwater carried to America and released was back in its burrow on Skokholm Island, off the Pembrokeshire coast, one day before a letter announcing its release! Conversely, each autumn a small number of North American birds are blown across the Atlantic by fast-moving westerly tail winds. Not only do they arrive safely in Europe, but, based on ringing evidence, some make it back to North America the following spring, after probably spending the winter with European migrants in sunny African climes.

Questions Reading passage 2 has seven paragraphs, A-G Choose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-x, in boxes on your answer sheet. Write the correct letters in boxes 21 and 22 on your answer sheet. Which TWO of the following statements are true of bird migration? Birds often fly further than they need to. Birds traveling in family groups are safe, c Birds flying at night need less water.

Birds have much sharper eye-sight than humans, E. Only share birds are resistant to strong winds. Section 3 Talc Powder A. High in the French Pyrenees, some 1,m above see level, lies Trimouns, a huge deposit of hydrated magnesium silicate - talc to you and me.

Talc from Trimouns, and from ten other Luzenac mines across the globe, is used in the manufacture of a vast array of everyday products extending from paper, paint and plaster to cosmetics, plastics and car tyres. But the true versatility of this remarkable mineral is nowhere better displayed than in its sometimes surprising use in certain niche markets in the food and agriculture industries. Take, for example, the chewing gum business.

Every year. Talc de Luzenac France - which owns and operates the Trimouns mine and is a member of the international Luzenac Group art of Rio Tinto minerals - supplies about 6, tones of talc to chewing gum manufacturers in Europe.

Because of this, long term allegiance to a proven suppler is very much a feature of this sector of the talc market. But how is talc actually used in the manufacture of chewing gum?

Patrick Delord, an engineer with a degree in agronomics, who has been with Luzenac for 22 years and is now senior market development manager. Agriculture and Food, in Europe, explains that chewing gums has four main components. It binds all the ingredients together, creating a soft, smooth texture.

To this the manufacturer then adds sweeteners, softeners and flavourings. Our talc is used as a filler in the gum base. The amount varies between, say, ten and 35 per cent, depending on the type of gum.

Fruit flavoured chewing gum, for example, is slightly acidic and would react with the calcium carbonate that the manufacturer might otherwise use as a filler. After the olives are harvested -preferably early in the morning because their taste is better if they are gathered in the cool of the day - they are taken to the processing plant.

There they are crushed and then stirred for minutes. The oil and water are then allowed to settle so that the olive oil layer can be decanted off and bottled. This may be attributable to the particular species of olive, or to its water content and the time of year the olives are collected - at the beginning and the end of the season their water content is often either too high or too low.

The oil in this emulsion is lost when the water is disposed of. Not only that, if the waste water is disposed of directly into local fields - often the case in many smaller processing operations - the emulsified oil may take some time to biodegrade and so be harmful to the environment. If the use of talc in olive oil processing and in chewing gum is long established, new applications in the food and agriculture industries are also constantly being sought by Luzenac.

One such promising new market is fruit crop protection, being pioneered in the US. Just like people, fruit can get sunburned. In fact, in very sunny regions up to 45 per cent of a typical crop can be affected by heat stress and sunburn. To combat this, farmers normally use either chemicals or spray a continuous fine canopy of mist above the fruit trees or bushes.

The trouble is, this uses a lot of water - normally a precious commodity in hot, sunny areas - and it is therefore expensive. So in order to have a viable product we needed a wettable powder - something that would go readily into suspension so that it could be sprayed onto the fruit.

It also had to break the surface tension of the cutin the natural waxy, waterproof layer on the fruit and of course it had to wash off easily when the fruit was harvested. Initial trials in the state of Washington in showed that when the product was sprayed onto Granny Smith apples, it reduced their surface temperature and lowered the incidence of sunburn by up to 60 per cent.

Apple growers are the primary target although Hunter believes grape growers represent another sector with long term potential.

He is also hopeful of extending sales to overseas markets such as Australia, South America and southern Europe. First, remove your gown by turning it inside out and rolling it into a ball before placing it in either the green laundry bin for reusable gowns or the orange clinical waste bin for disposable gowns.

Next, check your gloves for holes, remove them by turning them inside out to prevent blood from flicking everywhere, and place them in the orange clinical waste bin. Check your hands for any bloodstains or cuts that could indicate a torn glove or needlestick injury. Finally, remove your mask and place it in the orange bin too.

The patient is moved back onto a bed using the Patslide. Again, it is common courtesy to offer to help with this. Unless they are very unwell, they usually stay in the theatre until they have woken up enough to be extubated safely, and are then taken round to the recovery area for a period of monitoring before they go back to the ward.

They will need your surname to put you on the op note as an assistant. Ask for feedback on anything you did well or could have done better, especially if you tied some knots or did some suturing. It is useful to discuss any learning points and interesting aspects of the case to help you to understand what was done and why. This will give you a better understanding of normal post-operative recovery and common surgical conditions. Keep a logbook of operations you go to, especially if you think you might be interested in a surgical career.

You can print out logbook summaries to put in your CV or portfolio , which will make you seem very switched on and professional in undergraduate times of need, for example, if you are applying for a competitive summer school, elective or intercalated degree programme, or a nice juicy bursary to cover elective expenses.

It is also relevant for job applications for a multitude of specialities, not just for surgery. Most surgeons are friendly creatures who are used to students being instantly switched off by their specialty, so they will be overjoyed if you want to come and keep them company for a bit.

I hope this has been a helpful guide to the magical world of the operating theatre, and that you will find your surgical placements less intimidating and more fun as a result of reading it. Clinical Examination. An Introduction to the Arclight. Eye Drops Overview. Prescribing in Renal Impairment. Interpreting Hepatitis B Serology. Medicine Flashcard Collection. A collection of surgery revision notes covering key surgical topics. Aortic Dissection. Surgery Flashcard Collection. Anatomy of the Ear.

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